Table 4 Major SARS-CoV-2 animal models and reported manifestations
Manifestations | Adapted micea | Cat | Ferret | Hamster | Non-human primates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Viral shedding | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Fever/nasal discharge/labored breathing | √ |  | √ | √ |  |
Pneumonia | √ | √ |  | √ | √ |
Gastrointestinal/renal signs |  |  |  | √ |  |
Cardiovascular/neurological signs | √ |  |  | √ |  |
Sex-difference in clinical signs |  |  |  | √ |  |
Aging–related severity/susceptibility | √ |  |  | √ | √ |
Elevated systemic inflammation | √ |  |  | √ | √ |
Innate immunity | √ |  | √ | √ | √ |
T cell response | √ |  | √ |  | √ |
B cell response | √ |  | √ | √ | √ |