Toward innovative veterinary nanoparticle vaccines

Animal Diseases

Table 3 An overview of animal virus-derived VLPs

Scaffold platform	Structure	Size	Development stage	Antigenic components displayed	Expression system	Reference
PCV2 VLP	Icosahedral symmetry (60 subunits)	25 nm	Licensed (Porcilis PCV® and Ingelvac CircoFLEX1®)	CSFV E2	BEVS/E. Coli	Liu et al. 2022; Li et al. 2021; Jung et al. 2020a; Ding et al. 2019
				PRRSV GP5 (epitope B and epitope 7)	E. Coli
				PRRSV GP3/GP5	BEVS
				H1N1 M2e	E. Coli
RHDV VLP	Icosahedral symmetry (180 subunits)	40 nm	Preclinical	RHDV VP60	E. Coli	Guo et al. 2016; Dalton et al. 2021; Rangel et al. 2021; Crisci et al. 2012
				Chimeric two RHDV VP60	BEVS
				FMDV VP1 and 3A	BEVS
				FMDV 3A	BEVS
FMDV VLP	Icosahedral symmetry (60 subunits)	30 nm	Preclinical	FMDV VP0, VP1 and VP3	E. Coli	Xiao et al. 2021; Liu et al. 2017
FMDV VLP	Icosahedral symmetry (60 subunits)	30 nm	Preclinical	Chimeric two FMDV Cap	BEVS	Xiao et al. 2021; Liu et al. 2017
PPV VLP	Icosahedral symmetry (60 subunits)	25 nm	Preclinical	PPV VP2	E. Coli	Hua et al. 2020a; Liu et al. 2020; Anwar et al. 2021
				PPV VP2 and PCV2 Cap	E. Coli
				JEV E	E. Coli
SIV VLP	spherical symmetry	Depend on type	Clinical trials	H1N1 and H3N2 HA-M1	BEVS	Cai et al. 2022a; Mai et al. 2023a; Pliasas et al. 2022
				H1N1 and H3N2 HA-M1	BEVS
				H3N2 NA and H1N1 M1	BEVS

Abbreviations: CSFV classical swine fever virus, RHDV rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, PPV porcine parvovirus, FMDV foot-and-mouth disease virus, PCV2 porcine circovirus type 2, PRRSV porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, BEVS bactulovirus expression vector system, E. coli. Escherichia coli