Current research progress on the viral immune evasion mechanisms of African swine fever virus

Weng, Changjiang

doi:10.1186/s44149-024-00123-0

Animal Diseases

Table 1 ASFV immunomodulator gene-encoded proteins participate in viral immune evasion

From: Current research progress on the viral immune evasion mechanisms of African swine fever virus

Inhibition of Immunomodulation	Function	Protein name	Targeting molecule	Signaling pathway	Reference
Apoptosis	Pro-apoptosis	pE183L/p54	caspases 3	Activating effector caspase-3 apoptosis	Hernaez et al. 2004
		pE199L	BCL-X_L	Inducing the mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis	Li et al. 2021
		pEP402R/CD2v	CD58	Inducing apoptosis in swine lymphocytes/macrophages	Chaulagain et al. 2021; Huang et al. 2023a
	Anti-apoptosis	pA179L	BH3 only protein	Inhibiting apoptosis	Dixon et al. 2017; Galindo et al. 2008; Brun et al. 1996
		pA224L	Proteolytic fragment of caspase-3	Inhibiting apoptosis	Nogal et al. 2001; Neilan et al. 1997a
		pEP153R	p53	Reducing the transactivating activity of the cellular protein p53 in Vero cell cultures	Dixon et al. 2017
		pEP402R/CD2v	CSF2RA	Activating the JAK2-STAT3 pathway and inhibiting apoptosis in PAMs	Gao et al. 2023
	Induction of apoptosis by ER stress	pDP71L	Protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit	Recruiting the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit to dephosphorylate eIF2α and inhibiting CHOP induction	Galindo et al. 2012
Innate immune responses	Inhibition of type I IFN signaling pathway	pMGF360-15R/pA276R	-	Inhibiting the upregulated expression of type I IFN stimulated by poly (I:C)	Golding et al. 2016
		pMGF505-7R/pA528R	STING, IRF3, IRF7, TBK1	Promoting the expression of the autophagy-related protein ULK1 to degrade STING; interacting with and inhibiting the nuclear translocation of IRF3; interacting with IRF7 and TBK1 to degrade IRF7 by autophagy, cysteine, and proteasome pathways and TBK1 by the proteasome pathway	Li et al. 2021; Li et al. 2021; Golding et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2022
		pMGF360-12 L	KPNA2, KPNA3, KPNA4	Inhibiting type I IFN, NF-ĸB, and JAK/STAT signaling by blocking the interaction of importin α and NF-κB signaling pathway	Zhuo et al. 2021
		pMGF505-11R	STING	Interacting with and degrading STING by the lysosomal, ubiquitin–proteasome and autophagy pathways	Zhang et al. 2021
		pMGF360-14 L	IRF3	Promoting IRF3 degradation through ubiquitin-meditated proteolysis	Zhang et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2021
		pDP96R	IRF3	Interacting with IRF3 to impede the translocation of IRF3 to the nucleus	Wang et al. 2018; Dodantenna et al. 2024
		pE184L	STING	Interacting with STING and impairing dimerization and oligomerization of STING	Zhu et al. 2023a
		pH 240R	STING	Interacting with STING and inhibiting its oligomerization and translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus	Ye et al. 2023
		pE120R	IRF3	Interacting with IRF3 and interfering with the recruitment of IRF3 to TBK1	Alfonso et al. 2007
		pI329L	TRIF	Inhibiting TLR signaling	de Oliveira et al. 2011; Henriques et al. 2011
		pI215L	RNF138, IRF9, STAT3	Inhibiting K63-linked polyubiquitination of TANK-binding kinase 1 through pI215L-binding RNF138; mediating IFR9 degradation; mediating STAT2 degradation	Huang et al. 2021; Li et al. 2022; Riera et al. 2022
		pE301R	IRF3	Interacting with IRF3 to inhibit the nuclear translocation of IRF3 induced by cGAMP and poly(dA:dT)	Liu et al. 2022
		pS273R	IRF3	Interacting with IRF3 and disrupting the association between TBK1 and IRF3	Luo et al. 2022
		pA137R	TBK1	Interacting with TBK1 and promoting the autophagy-mediated lysosomal degradation of TBK1	Sun et al. 2021a
		pI226R	cGAS	Interacting with cGAS and promoting cGAS degradation through the autophagy–lysosome pathway	Hong et al. 2022
		pM1249L	TBK1, IRF3	Inhibiting phosphorylation of TBK1 by cGAS and STING overexpression and interacting with IRF3 to induce IRF3 degradation by lysosomal pathway	Cui et al. 2022
		pL83L	cGAS, STING	Interacting with cGAS and STING to promote autophagy-lysosomal degradation of STING by recruiting Tollip	Cheng et al. 2023
		pEP364R	2',3'-cGAMP	Interacting with 2',3'-cGAMP and exerting their phosphodiesterase activity to cleave 2',3'-cGAMP	Dodantenna et al. 2022
		pC129R	2',3'-cGAMP	Interacting with 2',3'-cGAMP and exerting their phosphodiesterase activity to cleave 2',3'-cGAMP	Dodantenna et al. 2022
	Inhibition of RIG-I signaling pathway	pI267L	Riplet	Interacting with Riplet and disrupting Riplet-RIG-I interaction to impair Riplet-mediated K63-polyubiquitination and activation of RIG-I	Zhang et al. 2021a
	Regulation of JAK-STAT signaling	pMGF360-9 L	STAT1/2	Interacting with STAT1 and STAT2 and degrading STAT1 and STAT2 through apoptosis and ubiquitin–proteasome pathways, respectively	Zhang et al. 2022
		pMGF-360–10 L	JAK1	Targeting JAK1 and mediating its degradation	Li et al. 2023
		pMGF505-7R/pA528R	JAK1, JAK2, IRF9	Interacting with JAK1 and JAK2 and mediating their degradation; interacting with IRF9 and inhibiting the nuclear translocation of ISGF3	Li et al. 2021; Huang et al. 2023b
		pEP402R/CD2v	CSF2RA	Interacting with CSF2RA to regulate the JAK2-STAT3 pathway	Huang et al. 2023a
		pS273R	STAT2, DCST1	Interacting with STAT2 and recruited DCST1 for K48-linked polyubiquitination of STAT2 and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation of STAT2	Li et al. 2023
		pH 240R	IFNAR1, IFNAR2	Interacting with IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 to disrupt the interaction of IFNAR1-TYK2 and IFNAR2-JAK1	Ye et al. 2024
		pF778R	STAT1	Weakening the nuclear accumulation of activated STAT1	Chen et al. 2023
Inflammatory responses	Inhibition of NF-κB pathway	pA238L	p300	Interacting with the amino-terminal region of p300 to inhibit the acetylation and transcriptional activation of NF-κB	Neilan et al. 1997b; Granja et al. 2008
		pI215L	-	Blocking p65 nuclear translocation upon cytokine stimulation	Barrado-Gil et al. 2021; Barrado-Gil et al. 2020
		pDP96R	IKKβ	Negatively regulating NF-κB signaling by inhibiting IKKβ	Wang et al. 2018
		pF317L	IKKβ	Interacting with IKKβ and suppressing its phosphorylation	Yang et al. 2021
		pI10L	NF-κB	Interacting with IKKβ to block the association of IKKβ with IκBα and p65	Chen et al. 2023
		pMGF300-2R	IKKα, IKKβ	Interacting with and degrading IKKα and IKKβ via the selective autophagy pathway	Wang et al. 2023
		pMGF360-12 L	KPNA2, KPNA3, KPNA4	Competitively inhibiting the interaction between NF-κB and nuclear transport proteins	Zhuo et al. 2021; Chen et al. 2023
		pMGF505-7R/pA528R	IKKα	Interacting with IKKα to inhibit NF-κB activation	Li et al. 2021
		pH 240R	NEMO	Interacting with NEMO and promoting the autophagy-mediated lysosomal degradation of NEMO	Huang et al. 2023b; Zhou et al. 2022
	Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation	pS273R	GSDMD	Inhibiting pyroptosis by noncanonically cleaving GSDMD	Zhao et al. 2022
		pMGF505-7R/pA528R	NLRP3	Binding to NLRP3 to inhibit inflammasome formation	Li et al. 2021
		pH 240R	NLRP3	Interacted with NLRP3 to inhibit its oligomerization	Huang et al. 2023c
Autophagy	Regulation of autophagy	pA179L	Beclin	Engaging Beclin using the same canonical ligand-binding groove that is utilized to bind to pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins	Banjara et al. 2019; Hernaez et al. 2013
		pE199L	PYCR2	Interacting and downregulating the expression of PYCR2, resulting in autophagy activation	Chen et al. 2021
		p17	TOM70	Promoting mitophagy by facilitating the interaction of SQSTM1 with TOMM70	Hu et al. 2023

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