Fig. 1

The experimental design of this study. A in vivo piglet experiments. B in vitro macrophage experiment. C Coculture experiment of macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. D in vivo mouse experiments. CON, control; DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; L. j, Limosilactobacillus johnsoni; L. m, Limosilactobacillus mucosae; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; PBS, phosphate buffer saline; SB, sodium butyrate