Fig. 3

Effect of L.j or L.m on colonic macrophage polarization in LPS-challenged piglets. A Colonic CD16 and CD163 expression after IHC staining. Images of colonic CD16 and CD163 expression (scale bar = 200 or 50 μm). CD16- and CD163-positive ratio analysis. Colonic levels of IL-1β (B), IL-6 (C), TNF-α (D), and IL-10 (E). (F) Images showing colonic iNOS, Arg1, and GPR43 protein expression. Colonic iNOS (G), Arg1 (H), and GPR43 (I) protein expression quantification. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs (n = 8 for A–E; n = 4 for F–I). Differences between the LPS and CON groups, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Differences between the LPS + L.j or LPS + L.m group and the LPS group, #P < 0.05; ##P < 0.01; ###P < 0.001. Arg1, arginase-1; CON, control; GPR, G protein-coupled receptor; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IL, lnterleukin; L. j, Limosilactobacillus johnsoni; L. m, Limosilactobacillus mucosae; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TNF, tumor necrosis factor