Fig. 8

The effect of SB on colonic macrophage polarization and the TLR4 signaling pathway in LPS-challenged mice. Colonic IL-1β (A), IL-6 (B), TNF-α (C), IL-10 (D) Colonic iNOS (E), Arg1 (F), GPR43 (G), TLR4 (H), MyD88 (I), and NF-κB (J) mRNA expression. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs (n = 8). Differences between the LPS and CON groups, *P < 0.001, ***P < 0.001. Differences between the LPS + SB group and the LPS group, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001. Differences between the LPS + SB + GLPG0974 group and the LPS + SB group, &&P < 0.01, &&&P < 0.001. Arg1, arginase-1; CON, control; GPR, G protein-coupled receptor; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; SB, sodium butyrate; TNF, tumor necrosis factor