Table 1 Seroprevalence of West Nile virus and possibly other flaviviruses by species of wild birds in Portugal

Accipitriformes

Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)

13 (6.3)

0 (0.0)

0.0–21.0

Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)

10 (4.8)

1 (10.0)

0.0–44.5

Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus)

5 (2.4)

1 (20.0)

0.0–71.6

Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti)

1 (0.5)

1 (100)

0.0–100

Bonelli’s eagle (Aquila fasciata)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.0–97.5

Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)

31 (14.9)

15 (48.4)

30.2–67.0

Short-toed snake-eagle (Circaetus gallicus)

1 (0.5)

1 (100)

0.0–100

Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus)

2 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

0.0–84.2

Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)

18 (8.7)

1 (5.6)

0.0–27.3

Booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)

10 (4.8)

7 (70.0)

34.8–93.3

Black kite (Milvus migrans)

6 (2.9)

0 (0.0)

0.0–45.9

Red kite (Milvus milvus)

7 (3.4)

1 (14.3)

0.0–57.9

Apodiformes

Common swift (Apus apus)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.0–97.5

Pallid swift (Apus pallidus)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.0–97.5

Caprimulgiformes

European nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus)

3 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

0.0–70.7

Charadriiformes

Yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis)

3 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

0.0–70.7

Ciconiiformes

Gray heron (Ardea cinerea)

4 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0.0–60.2

White stork (Ciconia ciconia)

17 (8.2)

2 (11.8)

0.0–36.4

Columbiformes

Rock pigeon (Columba livia)

3 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

0.0–70.7

Common wood-pigeon (Columba palumbus)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.0–97.5

Collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.0–97.5

Coraciiformes

Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.0–97.5

Falconiformes

Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus)

6 (2.9)

0 (0.0)

0.0–45.9

Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)

4 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0.0–60.2

Passeriformes

European greenfinch (Chloris chloris)

2 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

0.0–84.2

Common raven (Corvus corax)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.0–97.5

Carrion crow (Corvus corone)

5 (2.4)

0 (0.0)

0.0–52.2

Western house-martin (Delichon urbicum)

2 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

0.0 (84.2)

Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.0–97.5

Eurasian magpie (Pica pica)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.0–97.5

Piciformes

Eurasian green-woodpecker (Picus viridis)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.0–97.5

Strigiformes

Short-eared owl (Asio flammeus)

1 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0.0–97.5

Long-eared owl (Asio otus)

2 (1.0)

1 (50.0)

0.0–98.7

Little owl (Athene noctua)

4 (1.9)

1 (25.0)

0.0–80.6

Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo)

3 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

0.0–70.7

Tawny owl (Strix aluco)

22 (10.6)

8 (36.4)

17.2–59.3

Barn owl (Tyto alba)

13 (6.3)

2 (15.4)

0.0–45.5

Total

208 (100)

42 (20.2)

15.0–26.3