Fig. 2

Overview of symptomatology in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) arising from four major diseases caused by diverse pathogens in aquaculture settings. 1. Monogenean parasitism by Neobenedenia: A: An Asian seabass specimen exhibiting infection by Neobenedenia. B: Visible parasites on the fish's head. C: Neobenedenia parasites. D: Neobenia monogeneans observed via microscopy. 2. Big belly disease (BBD) triggered by bacterial infection: A: Healthy Asian seabass fingerling for comparison. B: Fingerling manifesting as BBD, characterized by an enlarged abdomen. C: Fingerling affected by BBD, displaying a darkened dorsal surface. D: Fingerling with BBD, showing symptoms not specified. 3. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection: A: Juvenile Asian seabass showing a darkened body due to ISKNV infection. B: Affected juveniles displaying symptoms of gill lamellar fusion, with the gills becoming pale and swollen. C: Signs of hepatic necrosis, liver inflammation, potential bleeding, kidney tissue necrosis, inflammation, and degradation. 4. Scale drop disease (SDD) induced by SDD virus: A: A maturing seabass infected with SDDV. B and C: Exhibiting lesions, scale loss, and cloudiness of the eyes. D: Presence of tail rot. E: Notable for scale loss on the abdomen