Table 1 Major diseases in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) aquaculture
From: Strategies for managing major diseases in Asian seabass aquaculture
Category | Pathogen | Disease | Symptoms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | Vibrio parahaemolyticus | Vibriosis | Fin erosion, skin ulcers, hemorrhages, lethargy, appetite loss | (Das et al. 2009) |
Vibrio anguillarum | Vibriosis | Similar to V. parahaemolyticus but also internal bleeding | (Kumar et al. 2007) | |
Vibrio alginolyticus | Vibriosis | Skin erosions, lethargy, darkening of body | (Krupesha Sharma et al. 2012) | |
Tenacibaculum maritimum | Tenacibaculosis | Skin ulcers, fin erosion, tail rot, eye clouding | (Miyake et al. 2020) | |
Streptococcus spp. | Streptococcus | Skin ulcers, internal bleeding, septicemia | (Piamsomboon et al. 2020) | |
Virus | Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) | SGIV | Internal organ hemorrhage, eye clouding, abnormal swimming, lethargy | (Huang et al. 2009) |
Betanodavirus | VNN | Erratic swimming, whirling, loss of balance, skin darkening | (Hick et al. 2011) | |
Red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) | RGNNV | Similar to VNN caused by NNV | (Nallala et al. 2021) | |
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus genotype I-III (ISKNV-1, -II & -III)) | ISKNV-I, -II, & -III | Hemorrhages, organ necrosis, and immune suppression | ||
Protozoa | Eimeria barramundi | Coccidiosis | Intestinal inflammation, weight loss, diarrhea | (Gibson-Kueh et al. 2011a) |
Cryptosporidium spp. | Cryptosporidiosis | Diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration | (Gibson-Kueh et al. 2011b) | |
Monogenean | Monogenean | Inflammation, respiratory distress | Irritation, tissue damage, and excessive mucus production, skin ulcerations and fin erosion | (Rückert et al. 2008) |
Fungi | Saprolegnia spp. | Saprolegniosis | Cotton-like fungal growth on skin, fins, gills | (Karunasagar et al. 2003) |
Achyla spp. | Achyliosis | Fungal dermatitis, gill damage, and erratic swimming | (Ming and Hatai 2017) |